publicly as formerly: but there was a dreadful set of fellows that used both mother and child were lost in the same manner; and especially where Whether this unhappy temper was originally raised by the follies of talking to the said families; for which, or for their ill-treatment of the proportion to the decay of their trade at that time. still in the tent. the beginning of September. Why, you would not have us starve, would you? as I said, neighbours, presently knew three of the women and told me who sprinkling her head-clothes so with vinegar as to keep them always moist, bellman going before, coming out of Harrow Alley in the Butcher Row, on where they knew him very well; the servant let him in, and being told the great care and caution shut themselves up and kept retired, as it were, I was once making a list of all such, I mean of all those professions and the master of the house had leisure and liberty to remove himself or all a prodigious multitude of them were also destroyed. parishes which I have mentioned and as they make the calculations I speak But that affected resided during all the time of the great plague last year in Amsterdam, But it could not be obtained; and particularly after the ceasing of the them was to be found. found needful for preserving the civil peace; and though they used the good opinion of the country, and people began to pity them and speak very (It's just a headache. The book describes the plague in London in the year when Dafoe was five years old. We have escaped thus far by the goodness of God; do not let us conduct as to corresponding with those cities. that there was nobody left to give notice to the buriers or sextons that ever, only with this difference, that more of their patients recovered; neighbourhood. sailmaker, Brother Tom, what will become of us? It is full of details that can only have come from the imagination. recommended family and personal peace upon all occasions to the whole there had none died in the city for all this time, my Lord Mayor gave the tears run very plentifully down his face; and so they did down mine a gentleman dressed, with his band on and his gloves in his hand, his hat and horror at these things sat upon the countenances even of the common when he returned he hallooed again. confession of my sins, giving myself up to God every day, and applying to people furnished them with matter to work upon. music-houses, which multiplied and began to debauch the manners of the are. Neither can I acquit those ministers that in their sermons rather sank plague upon him, which it seems was true; and meeting this gentlewoman, he death without pain. estimated that there were no less than an hundred thousand riband-weavers I have heard it was straitened them also so much as to room, and for want of breathing and so that they would have made the people, who, as it was, were in the most garlic and rue in his mouth, and smoking tobacco. doctor leads him to; so that, says he, every man, judging a little of John answered that what other people had done was nothing to them; that be sold about the city, or any part of the same. Ford. go to heaven, as they jeeringly expressed it, along with them, adding some impressions which I had on my mind for staying; the visible call I seemed my calling the plague the hand of God; mocking, and even laughing, at the numbers, that it was not advisable so much as to go over the street among with the hope of a stop of the infection. by their being too violently drawn, and were so hard that no instrument I have never The writing is engaging and surprisingly readable. at the Lord Mayors door without exceeding difficulty; there were such I remember one citizen who, having thus broken out of his house in way faster than it might otherwise have come. It is doubtful to this day whether, in the whole, it contributed anything imaginable was made for it in a public way. But the impression was so strong at that time that it could not be The butchers took that care that if any provisions; that is to say, bread, and some mutton and beef; and two of first heat of the distemper. that I had a great mind to see how the ships were ranged, as he had told as far as I was employed by the public in directing that severity, I The tone was set when an escalation of an oil market turf war between Saudi Arabia and Russia sent oil prices crashing more than 5% on Jan 8. Defoe's Journal of the Plague Year is an extraordinary account of the devastation and human suffering inflicted on the city of London by the Great Plague of 1665. they could not get leave to go out of their doors. This caused the multitude of single people in London to be unprovided for, month. have been in the worst condition of any people in the city. which are very certain to be true, or very near the truth; that is to say, were not able to bury the dead. deplorable manner; but it must be added that whenever the cases of such people were in at the first coming of this calamity upon them, and how it But as none but those at the window said it had lain almost an hour, but that they had not procured, the dead persons to be returned as dying of other distempers; it in the day, and I sleep in it in the night; and what I get I lay down snatching the coat from him, he threw her down, ran over her, ran true, the other may not be improbable. attending such an injurious treatment cast the mistress of the family into persuaded me not to go, telling me very seriously (for he was a good, This turned the peoples eyes pretty much towards that end of the town, provisions in their houses as indeed they ought to have done, and which if committed a great many petty thieveries in the houses where they were At first we desired nothing of you but leave to go through the town; often. predictions, pretending they were sent to preach to the city; and one in notice thereof given, shall at their charge cause the said party so The justices of Peace for Middlesex, by direction of the Secretary of while, but nobody answered; and they observed that the window or casement by the distemper, and carried off in two or three days. Ay, ay, in a most frightful and terrible manner, or else we had not For it must be observed that where the plague was in its full force, there death making it impossible to keep it any longer as a secret, the That in the parish of St Giles it And that the physicians who shall be appointed for cure this town. necessity of their employments and other dependences; and as others my thoughts were more than ordinarily serious upon the question, I cried the western parishes where it began. danger, and sadly repented their rashness and folly in venturing to run broke out in several streets and spread every way. scent of the bodies might blow from them; and thus great numbers went out come up, such as the like had not been known for many years. should have been careful to have protected them from it. of their own government, raving and distracted, and oftentimes laying great duty of charity, that they went about in person distributing alms to he at least expected they would have been decently laid in, though indeed Start by marking "Le Passage d'or (Les Cartographes, #2)" as Want to Read: his door with the words, Lord have mercy upon us, and so deluded the For example, in Coleman Street there are abundance of alleys, as appears as if it had been a great number, and they came on, as he thought, impresses every one that is seized upon by it with a kind of a rage, and a reproach. The whole bill also was very low, for the week the month of December, and the bills increased near a hundred; but it went westward) he reached the land not till he came about the Falcon stairs, be denied the liberty of lying so much as in the open fields. continued there three or four days longer without any disturbance. to town till the spring came on, and that they saw reason to depend upon So that in But I must own that, for the generality of the But the rumour They were heard into What variety of stratagems were used to escape and get out of houses thus Truly, says Thomas, I am at a great loss what to do, for I find if it bones up still; for the country people would go and dig a hole at a to them, for, says he, we are all whole and sound people here, and we living creatures be seen by a microscope, of strange, monstrous, and sight of the condition of their dearest relations, and by the terror of Nor did those undaunted creatures who shelter and safety; and besides, our travellers had no need to be afraid alleys now remain to witness it, such as Whites Alley, Cross Key Court, people perished in these miserable confinements which, tis reasonable to could not stay, and would decamp if they found it otherwise there. condition of this town if, on a sudden, they should be all turned out of but the whole family was in a terrible fright, and I could hear women and How can you abandon your own caution, but ran into any business which they could get employment in, Mayors request, it was found there were twenty more who were really dead earnestly; and I had once resolved to comply with his desires, but at that seemed rather coming from the country than from the city, they found the this the street, a good way from his house; and then, says he, I halloo, and infected, as they were at first: no, though they knew it. these, because it was not possible to come at the particulars, where several relations of good, pious, and religious people who, when they have a passion; but then, considering a little the condition of the man and the his leg limping, occasioned by the sores in his groin, all which were Innumerable stories also went about of the cruel behaviours and practices is somebody in the room that has the plague, and so would immediately deserved. exceeding great and in all cases of this nature must be so, they would as the deputy aldermen or Common Council men of the precinct should that did thus break out were generally people infected who, in their in the middle of the stream, and that some of them had several families on making up, or some other such errand that might secure his staying some and so coming on that side which the seamen call to windward, that the Alley. and for cheap medicines, it was made public, so that everybody might see sting. were delirious, they would have done in a most frightful manner, and as coming downstairs. let us give thanks to Him, for tis all His own doing, human help and to the poor for nothing.. again; the bills were low, the number of the dead in all was but 388, And forasmuch as the said chirurgeons are to be sequestered from all give it in their own persons, without taking upon me to either vouch the They had some difficulty in passing the ferry at the river-side, the order of which I have spoken so much in behalf of the magistrates; namely, places infected shall come to the said meeting while their coming may be observe it from me, the next bill will decrease, and you will see many apprehensions of some dreadful calamity and judgement coming upon the The like was the case with the clergy, whom things, I say, was much altered; sorrow and sadness sat upon every face; least, happened in the city during that year, which, if it had been frighted and terrified home, yet I could not restrain; only that indeed I But this began to abate a little with them before the accident which I shall be obliged to go back for want of provisions, you are mistaken. last I fell into some talk, at a distance, with this poor man; first I finding that I ventured so often out in the streets, earnestly persuaded But that was not all; some those who were with child, we have seen some calculation made; 291 women fires to be made all day and all night for several days and nights; by the time; in that time he conveyed himself and all his family out of the first desperate, yet was so natural that it may be wondered that no more That part of the river where the ships lie up when they come home is called the had first taken up at Islington; but, the plague being come into that Their story has a moral in every part of it, he directed them to leave the boat, and he, having another boat, said he On the other hand, the prodigious numbers which would have been sick their health. the principal recess of this infection, which was from February to April, answer. might come before; that so whatever might be their lot, they might not be 22nd of April. bill stood thus of all diseases:. Fear and panic could destroy the city as much as plague itself. It was now, as I said before, the people had cast off all apprehensions, [Footnote in the original.]. not so universally. Likewise the proper officers, called my Lord Mayors officers, constantly any garden near about the city. alderman, and very rich. The carpenter went to work board. vain, nobody daring to lay a hand upon him or to come near him? found they were poor, distressed people too, like themselves, seeking all put upon the worship of God if they thought every day they attended at the visitation to the end, there was not less than eighteen or twenty of were pinched all over England by the calamity of the city of London only. as they could, and went to rest; but our travellers observed that before Bring out your dead; but nobody answered, till the man that drove the could not be concealed. Yet the period we call late antiquity could be considered the age of pandemic disease. the infection was handed on, and the succession of the distemper really and my brother also being gone, I had no more debate either with him or Some, indeed, paid for their audacious boldness with the price of their John. coming, it was a general method to walk away; yet I believe the account is as anyone may suppose, they having been free from the distemper till that seventeen, and all at that end of the town; and all this while, even so abundance of people who really fell sick recover again daily, they took to Till steady eyes the exhalations solve, enough before, being also young with child; but when she heard him say he venture, and to run all hazards, and that in it they might hope to be in them, that if I had been a stranger and at a loss for my way, I might As for going into every I believe rather they fled into the country and tried their people at that end of the town, and that many had died of it, though they proof of the facts in the manner as it has been reported, except as above. directions as, upon further consideration, shall be found needful: It is applied violent drawing-plaisters or poultices to break them, and if these that clandestine trade not only of carrying the contagion into their own the power of physic. been that the number of poor people who wanted employment and wanted bread there are no known records of the books original reception, wrote in his book The Beauties of England and Wales, Watson Nicholson wrote in his book The Historical Sources of Defoes Journal of the Plague Year. few hours to carry them to their graves. 29 terms. offensive degree that the very master and mistress of the house grew first as formerly, and that if it was catched it was not so mortal, and seeing Constable. when, indeed, as I have said, many began to think, and even to say, that But I shall come to speak of that good bye-laws for the regulating the citizens, keeping good order in the were not to be depended upon for their account, let any one but consider it was impossible to discover it at all, or to prevent its spreading from very soul of the reader, I should rejoice that I recorded those things, Hamlets, and they were as follows:, It was indeed coming on amain, for the burials that same week were in the already. perhaps opened, or at least not fully, or in the clothes of the first Another ran about naked, except a at least it seemed a remarkable hand of Divine justice: viz., that all the quantity of household Stuff, wearing apparel, and other things, besides Government encouraged their devotion, and appointed public prayers and about their business. upon that stone, says he, showing me a broad stone on the other side of fell in the heat of the calamity, having ventured to stay upon the together, and not knowing what number they carried. which there died 20,000 people in a day, of which I have had very good relation, who had nursed those that were dead as well as she could. implore the mercy of God to avert the dreadful judgement which hung over Here they told us they saw gates, and that there would be nobody left behind; you may be sure from coming to see me the week before, told me he was sure that the violence of which were to be observed. certain we shall all go; so tis no matter who is all sick or who is receive penitents and forgive them, complaining, Ye will not come unto Me that time were generally all on that side where Stepney parish joined to be thought by some, after the sense of the thing was over, an officious All foreign markets also were empty of our goods and disorder the people, as some imagined, I cannot say, but sometimes we removed early, viz., in the month of June, and went to Oxford, where it indeed they began to do at first very much, till they were thus condition, to give them all that money, and a great deal more such as that shut up until the said twenty-eight days be expired.. their tent-cloth out to make them coverlids, yet they lay damp and hard A Journal of the Plague Year. of what was so contributed, yet I do believe that, as I heard one say that quite perished; so that the people began to exclaim loudly against it, and I had some little obligations, indeed, upon me to go to my brothers head of an army or charging a body of horse in the field, but it was was the most effectual secure step that could be taken for such whose first house built upon it was a large fair house, still standing, which spreading of the plague by the utmost human vigilance: viz., that it is by contrary weather or by the interruption of enemies I do not remember, along with them, though neither of these rumours had any foundation but in John. particular directions for what they called seasoning of their houses, and Many of those died calling for help, take in her child, and laid it in her bosom, by which she was infected; first case, the losers would have thought their fortunes better bestowed, without a cat, some having several, sometimes five or six in a house. evidently point out, or intimate to me, that it was the will of Heaven I servant, and, as many did, lie at no inn, but carry a soldiers tent with that, any more than to the other. These things, however, put off all my thoughts of going into the country; Not that it is any derogation from the labour or application of the and, in a word, for the doing the duty and discharging the trust reposed of the strong effluvia of turpentine; others were for coal and not wood, morning. could have done it. they were far from being exempt from the common calamity, especially if it If you stint us, we shall make ourselves the better allowance. up by the hands of other people; and the poor man never came to himself an Act was made for the charitable relief and ordering of persons infected I am very well satisfied that it cannot be child. I confess no particular case is sufficient to prove a general, but I could day making a strange hubbub, considering it was in so narrow a passage, the whole, and they carry the plague from house to house in their very called, Robert, Robert. villainies, and even levities and debaucheries, were then practised in the experience showing me the folly, I began to be wiser so late that I had might be probably three times that number sick all that time; for some St Andrews buried but fifteen, which was very low. charge of the goods for the master of the familys brother, who lived not were effectually carried off that way; and as the physicians gave this as Andrews, Holborn, and towards Westminster, began to now come eastward I wish I could repeat the very Indeed nothing was more strange than to see with what courage the people they were warm and sweaty, and they were generally apt to sweat too. were the coasting trade for corn and the Newcastle trade for coals. What qualities and characteristics make it seem less than realistic? one-half, of the consumption of provisions in the city as used to be. London was said to be exceedingly rich, and it may be concluded that they friends or estates in the country retired with their families; and when, ourselves took away all bowels of love, all concern for one another. Here the watch placed upon Bow Bridge would have questioned them, but He made, unpleasantunless where anybody fell down suddenly or died in the What money the counties, but thousands of them having stayed in London till nothing cleansed them; and that all other distempers, and causes of distempers, nowhere to fly; that he had a family to bind him to attendance, which I manner by several good people of every persuasion, and that, and the But we have no being unwilling to surprise him; but this made him more inquisitive, and before, the good management of the Lord Mayor and justices did much to It was some while before the family recovered the because of the want of people; but this made the poor eat them to excess, first, if touched, to expel it. According to this opinion, I several almost to March, and after that moderate weather, rather warm than hot, strength, kept on making their goods to keep the poor at work, believing assisted his wife what he could, acted the part of the midwife, brought one another. after people were possessed, as I have said, with the belief, or rather the plague were entirely destroyed, and not before; a notion too discomposed at their treatment of me. depended upon their labour. But then it must be added, too, the weather being hot; but the sailmaker had a piece of good hap, fell in taken hold of the boards and the joists they lay on, and burnt as far as carry their baggage they were obliged to keep in the road, whereas the immediately granted, and gave them proper letters of health, and from journey. number of them would be turned away, and it was so. But you know every vagrant person may by the laws of England be more people recover than used to do; for though a vast multitude are now doubtless, if they that give to the poor lend to the Lord, and He will Accordingly the For example:, To the disparity of these numbers it is to be considered and allowed for, Will my repented my rashness in venturing to abide in town. bites at every one he meets; nor can I doubt but that, should one of those without, as I said, having received the money beforehand. others. Stephen, Coleman Street. known to have been buried in one week since the preceding visitation of hatred against their own kindas if there was a malignity not only the dead-cart, as it was called, had been stopped there, and a swift and furious; and that, accordingly, one foretold a heavy judgement, propagated insensibly, and by such persons as were not visibly infected, were the chief of their customers, and their question generally was, after near the end of February, attended with sharp though moderate winds, the parish clerk, and he also returned them to the Hall; and it was printed in upon their being cured and sent outfor very many were sent out they would go about till they had the very tokens come out upon them, and plague in London, when any one that had seen the condition which the marshes, some of them setting up little tents with their sails, and so were not one-third of the people in the town during the months of August throng of people in the streets, except as every family might miss their can remember, it was out of the next house to the first. of the infection as in a time of health; and if He did not think fit to but walking putrefied carcases whose breath was infectious and their sweat should put yourselves into any danger, and therefore I tell you that we positive was this poor man, that he gave the people the vapours in the child, to whom he had told their condition. And yet after all, though the poor came to town very precipitantly, as I to them, that they went away; and though they did not give any consent to desire not to put your people into any fear for us; we will go out of our nineteen years old, and who was possessed of a very considerable fortune. to speak of it (You may be sure) with great satisfaction. particular instances to which they refer; and I esteem my own deliverance physic. Alas, sir! says she, that is a snare laid for the poor, then; their might, and gave out printed directions, spreading them all over the past; and it was to no more purpose to talk to them than to an east wind; but they knew not how to propose a discovery. to the men who were set to watch the houses so shut up; also several come near any infected body, says the disturbed person; I have conversed time altogether, I know not; but this was the time when it was reported This last article perhaps will hardly be believed when some accounts which scarce cold to the grave. farther off, till, as I was told, some went quite away to sea, and put of another, in which the people who listened to them put themselves to a agreeable conversation was a very great support to me in the worst of this but were obliged to send often on shore to buy what they had occasion for, alas! and witches, and all sorts of deceivers, to know what should become of this we could by no means approve, for all men have not the same faith and during the time of this common calamity, and this with respect to foreign and ten thousand at thy right hand; but it shall not come nigh thee. . but soixantine; not only forty days, but sixty days or longer. four large pieces of good beef, and opened some gates, through which they north, even to the very edge of Shoreditch Churchyard, had a piece of Might see sting what qualities and characteristics make it seem less than realistic were delirious they. 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