Our new government[s] . The 13 states formed a loose Confederation with a very weak federal government. Homes and families. As the other answer notes, the immediate cause of the Civil War was the South's 1861 attack on Fort Sumter. Hence the need for slavery in the North started to dwindle. In the decades that followed Reconstruction and into the 20th century, memorials were erected to Confederate leaders, many of which still stand despite recent calls for their removal. The first essay, The problem of picturing slavery, focuses on the experience of enslaved men and women living in a slave society in the first half of the 19th century. Ultimately won by the Union forces, it remains the deadliest battle for the country with estimated deaths between 600,000 and 800,000.The Civil War is one of the most important events in the history of . When we examine the visual record of the Civil War, it is best to immediately ask who an image was made for, who made it, what it aimed to achieve, how it was understood at the time it was made, and how its meaning has changed. Though it was often supported throughout the social and economic classes, not every White Southerner enslaved people. . contain. South Carolina had threatened this before in the 1830s during the presidency of Andrew Jackson, over a tariff that benefited Northern manufacturers but increased the cost of goods in the South. When we examine the visual record of the Civil War, it is best to immediately ask who an image was made for, who made it, what it aimed to achieve, how it was understood at the time it was made, and how its meaning has changed. [4], If we consider these two images of the inaugurationone a photograph and the other a color lithographwe see people of all ages including some Black figures gathered around the Capitol building in Montgomery, Alabama. . It created two new territories that would allow the states to use popular sovereignty to determine whether they would be free states or pro-slavery states. two different worlds. Additional territories gained from the U.S.Mexican War of 18461848 heightened the slavery debate. 1857 The Dred Scott Decision of 1857 solidified the sharp division between those who were pro-slavery and those who were anti-slavery; the case had involved a former enslaved person, Dred Scott, suing his previous master for the right to his freedom. 29, 2021, thoughtco.com/top-causes-of-the-civil-war-104532. Exposing Slavery: Photography, Human Bondage, and the Birth of Modern Visual Politics in America. [4] In his first inaugural address, Lincoln said I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it exists. All of the issues of the young nation were dividing the political parties and reshaping the established two-party system of Whigs and Democrats. This led to what is known as "Secession Winter," where six more states would follow in South Carolina's footsteps, soon creating "The Confederate States of America.". Visual arguments for and against slavery proliferated in 19th-century America, as defenders and opponents of human bondage sought to sway the opinions of the broader public. As with most wars, however, there was no single cause. [is] the immediate cause of the late rupture and present revolution. city life high population accents new For over 50 years, the two territories disputed on the issue of slavery and whether it was legal or not. The immediate causes of the civil war was the slaves escaping to the north to be free because the north banned slavery because they we're no plantations because the north was the city not the country. In the North, the influx of immigrantsmany from countries that had long since abolished slaverycontributed to a society in which people of different cultures and classes lived and worked together. The Southern Democrats put John C. Breckenridge on the ballot. The Republican Party was also known as _____. The second essay, Images in a divided world, examines the role images played in the ideological disputes that separated slaverys opponents and its defenders. Kennedy, Joseph C.G. corner-stone rests upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery subordination to the superior race is his natural and normal condition. Between Election Day and Lincoln's inauguration in March,seven states seceded from the Union: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. Although the path from the founding of the United States in 1776 to its war of disunion 85 years later was tortuous, slaveryits past, present, and particularly its futurewas at the heart of the conflict at every turn. At the start of the Civil War, at least 4 million enslaved people were forced to live and work on the Southern plantations. When was the Republican Partys candidate first elected as president? Subscribe to receive our weekly newsletter with top stories from master historians. Due to its efficiency, many plantation owners moved from growing multiple crops to only focusing on harvesting cotton. Abolitionists used images to make the horrors of slavery vivid for white audiences, while slaverys apologists used them to paint fictitious images of happy slaves and cheerful plantation life. This caused it to become known as "Bleeding Kansas." The wardivided the country between the North and South. The election of Republican President Abraham Lincoln, who threatened Southern ways of life, was the final piece needed to push the South into secession. Alexander M. Stephens and Brendan A. Stephens, Georgias paean to Confederacy at U.S. capitol must go,, https://smarthistory.org/seeing-america-2/civil-war-in-art/intro-causes-civil-war/. This eventually led to the Battle at Fort Sumter - the . . . [9] Lisa Farrington, African American Art: A Visual History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017), pp. "Economic Causes of the Civil War" Get custom essay In this context, one of the major causes of the American Civil War was the apparent differences held between the Northern and Southern regions. The chromolithograph on the right, made more than a decade after the end of the war, was based on the earlier photograph (left), but collapses the middle ground and narrows the composition to consolidate the crowd and focus on the grand portico, its balconies and the clock tower. Why did the Whig Party refer to Andrew Jackson as King Andrew? Why did Abolitionists join the Whig Party even though they werent a strictly anti-slavery party? What happened to Lincoln just after the Civil War? Immediate Causes of the Civil War Flashcards | Quizlet Arts and Humanities History History of the Americas Immediate Causes of the Civil War 5.0 (2 reviews) Term 1 / 6 Political Parties Splinter Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 6 The issue of slavery split the Democratic Party in two in 1860. Sympathies began to grow for abolitionists and against enslavement and enslavers. The North no longer needed slavery in order to keep their economy afloat. The abolitionists came with a variety of viewpoints. . The Nigerian Civil War (6 July 1967 - 15 January 1970), also known as the Nigerian-Biafran War or the Biafran War, was a civil war fought between Nigeria and the Republic of Biafra, a secessionist state which had declared its independence from Nigeria in 1967. The Western states of the US were deciding whether to be a free state or a slave state. Other causes of civil war include ideological differences, economic issues, state sovereignty, and a quest for power and state jurisdiction . By end of the war, the United States had defeated the Confederacy, more than 750,000 Americans had died, and slavery had been banned everywhere in the United States through a Constitutional amendment. He was assassinated by Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth. Historians widely agree: slavery was the most important cause of the war. Conflict over slavery between the North and South is a long term cause of the Civil War because it spanned over a very long time. The immediate effects of the Union winning the US Civil War was an. At the same time, the increase in the number of plantations willing to move from other crops to cotton created an even greater need for enslaved people. African slavery as it exists amongst us . The photographs of the aftermath of the battle at Fort Sumter stressed the destruction of the site and helped to strengthen the resolve of the Confederacy. What visual and material evidence did they leave behind that helps us to learn about their lives? People such as William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass wanted immediate freedom for all enslaved people. State's Rights. These factors were very crucial in the bringing upon of the destruction of the Union. There is an abundance of textual evidence to support this, perhaps most famously an address given by Alexander Stephens known as the "Cornerstone Speech." The "Potato Famine" in Ireland sent a wave of laborers to America searching for a better life, mainly settling in the North. 1861 In April 1861, the Confederate Army would fire on Fort Sumter in South Carolina, beginning the Civil War until April 1865. The real issue occurred in Kansas where pro-slavery Missourians, called "Border Ruffians," began to pour into the state in an attempt to force it toward slavery. What did the Emancipation Proclamation do? It took nearly 250 eventful years longer for it to boil into a war, A Toxic Mix of Anti-War and Anti-Abolitionist Sentiment Led to the Norths First Riots, The Hidden Battlefield Where Black Troops Avenged Fallen Comrades and Earned the Medal of Honor, This Confederate Officer Couldnt Go To War Without His One-Gallon Whiskey Jug, Before CGI, These Maps Made Gettysburg Come Alive, Want to Live on a Battlefield? Due to its efficiency, many plantation owners moved from growing multiple crops to only focusing on harvesting cotton. What was the immediate cause of the American war? Kelly, Martin. Some causes were cultural, while some were political, others were economic. We also see more clearly the faces of the figures and their interactions than we do in the early photograph. Davis and Stephens stand in the center of the podium facing the crowd. What are 5 facts about the American Civil War? Alexander Stephens, Vice President of the Confederate States of America, March 21, 1861 [1] Historians today widely agree that slavery was the single most important cause of the Civil War. The election of. Despite having resided in two free states along with his master, the court still ruled that Scott was not entitled to his freedom; the judge viewed him as property and not a person. People such as William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass wanted immediate freedom for all enslaved people. In June 2021, the House of Representatives voted to remove statues that honor Confederate leaders. Create flashcards in notes completely automatically. Causes of the Civil War Although some historians feel that the Civil War was a result of political blunders and that the issue of slavery did not cause the conflict, they ignore the two main causes. Turmoil in Richmond: Joe Johnston, Jefferson Davis Command Alliance Was Doomed From the Start. A star embedded in the paving at the top of the steps of the Alabama State Capitol marks the location where Jefferson Davis stood during his inauguration as the President of the Confederacy, and a statue of him still stands nearby. Because the war resulted from the secession of seven Southern states and their formation of the Confederate States of America after Abraham Lincoln's election as president on November 6, 1860, and his inauguration on March 4, 1861, whatever caused those states to secede is the primary cause of the Civil . Six more states heeded the siren call: Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. Identify your study strength and weaknesses. ThoughtCo, Jul. 30 seconds. The immediate cause of the Civil War was the attack on Fort Sumter by Confederate batteries in April of 1861. Will you pass the quiz? . The presidential election of 1860 would be the deciding point for the Union. What caused the final split in the Whig Party? The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. They felt that the states should still have the right to decide if they were willing to accept certain federal acts. This decision enraged many, as the judge had disregarded entirely the Missouri Compromise and articles of the Constitution that should have granted Scott his request for freedom. As President Lincoln stated in his inauguration speech, preserving the Union was the top priority for his presidency, regardless of whether or not that meant war. The 3630 line is also known as the _______ line. Both sides used the fledgling science of photography to advance arguments for and against Black humanity and citizenship. Alexander M. Stephens and Brendan A. Stephens, Georgias paean to Confederacy at U.S. capitol must go,, author@Dr. Kimberly Kutz Elliott, "The Immediate Cause of the Civil War, an introduction," inSmarthistory, March 22, 2022, accessed October 30, 2022,https://smarthistory.org/seeing-america-2/civil-war-in-art/intro-causes-civil-war/, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. In both the North and South, these differences influenced views on the powers of the federal government to control the economies and cultures of the states. Perhaps learning from that experience the danger of going it alone, in 1860 and early 1861 South Carolina sent emissaries to other slave holding states urging their legislatures to follow its lead, nullify their contract with the United States and form a new Southern Confederacy. When the Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 presidential election, Southern fears that the Republicans would abolish slavery reached a new peak. While some of these differences might have been resolved peacefully through diplomacy, the institution of slavery was not among them. On April 12, the Confederates opened fire with cannons. IMMEDIATE CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR Kansas-Nebraska Act Dred Scott Decision John Brown Illinois senator Stephen Douglas wanted the railroad up north with Chicago as a major stationproposed to organize Kansas and Nebraska through the Kansas-Nebraska Act and move the transcontinental railroad up north Southerners wouldn't agree unless they got something in return. Create beautiful notes faster than ever before. With a way of life steeped in age-old traditions of white supremacy and a mainly agricultural economy that depended on the labor of enslaved people, the Southern states viewed enslavement as essential to their very survival. Legal. The immediate cause of the Civil War was the attack on Fort Sumter by Confederate batteries in April of 1861. Prior to the American Revolution, the institution of slavery in America had become firmly established as being limited to persons of African ancestry. Slaves could be rented or traded or sold to pay debts. [9]. The first organized government in the U.S. after the Revolution was under the Articles of Confederation. An interview with historian Richard M. McMurry on his 2023 book, The Civil Wars of General Joseph E. Johnston, Confederate States Army., History is a guide to navigation in perilous times. It was President Abraham Lincoln's first priority to keep the Union intact. After the war, white southerners fashioned a narrative (often referred to as the Lost Cause) that denied that slavery had any role in bringing about the Civil War, despite the evidence to the contrary. What Were the Top 4 Causes of the Civil War? . What do works of art reveal about the deep divisions that led to the Civil War? I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. Read the. [6] Alexander Hamilton Stephens Statue, Architect of the Capitol. The South wanted its reasonings for secession to be similar to the Declaration of Independence. The human cost is the greatest in U.S. history: around 620,000 people lost their lives. Confederate forces reduced the fort to a ruin, and U.S. soldiers evacuated. Jackson had vowed to send an army to force the state to stay in the Union, and Congress authorized him to raise such an army (all Southern senators walked out in protest before the vote was taken), but a compromise prevented the confrontation from occurring. (Brown denied this at his trial, but evidence indicated otherwise.) Stowe took inspiration for her book from real stories that a former enslaved person had told her. He is the author of "The Everything American Presidents Book" and "Colonial Life: Government. A.H. Stephens, Southern Confederacy (March 25, 1861). The federal government denied states this right. Since the time of the American Revolution, two camps emerged when it came to the role of government. It lasted four years, from April 12, 1861, through May 9, 1865. The Chinese Civil War fought between the Communists and the Nationalists was to restore control over China. As America began to expandfirst with the lands gained from the Louisiana Purchase and later with the Mexican Warthe question arose of whether new states would be pro-slavery states or free states. A) Andrew Jackson was elected president. Still others, including Abraham Lincoln, simply hoped to keep slavery from expanding. 2. . The population of the pro-slavery states was around 9.6 million in 1850 and only about 350,000 were enslavers. This included many of the wealthiest families, a number of whom owned large plantations. When Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793, it became faster than ever to separate the cotton from seeds. . War had begun. In what year did the Whig Party officially split? They were responsible for the Pottawatomie Massacre, in which they killed five settlers who were pro-slavery. which war What situation was an immediate result of the US Civil War? Why did Andrew Jackson oppose the National Banks of the US? north. However, proponents such as John C. Calhounwho resigned as vice president to represent South Carolina in the Senatefought vehemently for nullification. The South already controlled Federal installations and forced members of the Union out of their territories. African slavery as it exists amongst us . An attempt was made to ensure that equal numbers of free states and pro-slavery states were admitted to the Union, but over time this proved difficult. Face to face with the Missouri Voters: George Caleb Bingham. Elizabeth Keckley, Behind the Scenes, or, Thirty Years a Slave, and Four Years in the White House (1868). Also, the population at large began to perceive it as morally wrong. B) Abraham Lincoln was elected president. Like Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Paine (writers of the Declaration of Independence), the Causes of Secession stated why it was acceptable for the South to remove itself from the North as the United States did from the control of England. E)The Confederacy seized Fort Sumter, forcing troops to surrender. - Objective: to examine the immediate causes of the CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR - . The American Civil War was fought from April 12, 1861 to May 9, 1865between the Union forces and the 11 Southern states that seceded from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America. three main causes. slavery - main cause sectionalism - favoring one region over the whole Causes of the Civil War - . The forts commander, Major Robert Anderson, refused. Besides denying citizenship for African-Americans, it also overturned the Missouri Compromise of 1820, which had restricted slavery in certain U.S. territories. 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