WebStephen Colletti (born February 7, 1986) is an American actor and television personality. Stephen was the third son of Stephen, Count of Blois and Chartres, and Adela, daughter of King William I the WebHow to use Stephen in a sentence. WebThe name Stephen is boy's name of Greek origin meaning "garland, crown". The events in Normandy are less well recorded than elsewhere, and the exact sequence of events less certain. He's very intelligent and focused, but can also be considered oblivious to something begging to be noticed. [209] He unsuccessfully attempted to force Henry's smaller army to fight a decisive battle along the river Avon. Stephen Stephen is an innocent and honest person, yet full of unexpected surprises. [7] [17] [18] Between 1979 and 2009, he was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge, widely viewed as one of the [44], When news began to spread of Henry I's death, many of the potential claimants to the throne were not well placed to respond. [199] The row between Henry and Bernard grew increasingly personal, and Henry used his authority as legate to appoint his nephew William of York to the post in 1144 only to find that, when Pope Innocent II died in 1145, Bernard was able to get the appointment rejected by Rome. Stephen is kind hearted and family oriented. The garrison surrendered shortly afterwards, but Stephen had lost an opportunity to capture his principal opponent. One of the first seven deacons of the Christian Church, Saint Stephen is also the first Christian to be martyred for the Faith (hence the title, often applied to him, of protomartyr that is, "first martyr"). [249] In contrast, he is depicted unsympathetically in both Ken Follett's historical novel The Pillars of the Earth and the TV mini-series adapted from it. [25] The problem was further complicated by the sequence of unstable Anglo-Norman successions over the previous sixty yearsWilliam the Conqueror had gained England by force, William Rufus and Robert Curthose had fought a war between them to establish their inheritance, and Henry had only acquired control of Normandy by force. [180] Stephen's overall income from his estates, however, declined seriously during the conflict, particularly after 1141, and royal control over the minting of new coins remained limited outside of the south-east and East Anglia. Stephen Hawking, in full Stephen William Hawking, (born January 8, 1942, Oxford, Oxfordshire, Englanddied March 14, 2018, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire), English theoretical physicist whose theory of exploding black holes drew upon both relativity theory and quantum mechanics. He gained the throne by usurpation but failed to consolidate his power during the ensuing civil strife. Robert of Gloucester had garrisoned the ports of Dover and Canterbury and some accounts suggest that they refused Stephen access when he first arrived. The conference collapsed over the insistence by Henry and the clergy that they should set the terms of any peace deal, which Stephen found unacceptable. In 1153, the Empress's son Henry invaded England and built an alliance of powerful regional barons to support his claim for the throne. [75] Owain Gwynedd and Gruffydd ap Rhys successfully captured considerable territories, including Carmarthen Castle. 164165; Crouch (1998), p. 258. [227] The destruction of castles under Henry was not as dramatic as once thought, and although he restored royal revenues, the economy of England remained broadly unchanged under both rulers. [65] Stephen rapidly marched north with an army and met David at Durham. [195] Stephen's second son, William, was married to the extremely wealthy heiress Isabel de Warenne. [174] Miles of Gloucester, one of the most talented Angevin commanders, had died whilst hunting over the previous Christmas, relieving some of the pressure in the west. As he stepped into a congressional elevator, Santos told reporters he would not resign unless 142 people told him to quit. [169] With all of his other problems and with Hugh Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk, in open revolt in Norfolk, Stephen lacked the resources to track Geoffrey down in the Fens and made do with building a screen of castles between Ely and London, including Burwell Castle. [191] Stephen marched rapidly north to York and the planned attack disintegrated, leaving Henry to return to Normandy, where he was declared duke by his father. He portrayed Chase Adams on The CW drama series One Tree Hill [2] [3] [4] and appeared for two seasons on the MTV reality television series Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County. WebStephen or Steven is a common English first name. [83] The Norman forces then deserted Stephen, forcing the King to give up his campaign. [77], The security of Normandy was also a concern. [224] Stephen burst into activity in early 1154, travelling around the kingdom extensively. It is particularly significant to Christians, as it belonged to Saint Stephen, an early disciple and deacon who, according to the Book of Acts, was stoned to death; he is widely regarded as the first martyr of the Christian Church. Following their 127-118 victory on the road against the Washington Wizards on Monday afternoon, Golden State Warriors head coach Steve Kerr compared Stephen Curry to Michael Jordan. [135] Robert and Ranulf's forces had superiority in cavalry and Stephen dismounted many of his own knights to form a solid infantry block; he joined them himself, fighting on foot in the battle. Posted: March 2nd, 2022 7:29:15 pm EST. The King's power was linked to his control of the rich province of le-de-France, just to the east of Stephen's home county of Blois. (1990) "The End of Stephen's Reign,", Yoshitake, Kenji. WebThe name Stephen is boy's name of Greek origin meaning "garland, crown". [204] Stephen's preferred option was to have Eustace crowned while he himself was still alive, as was the custom in France, but this was not the normal practice in England, and Celestine II, during his brief tenure as pope between 1143 and 1144, had banned any change to this practice. [198] The reforming movement within the church, which advocated greater autonomy from royal authority for the clergy, had continued to grow, while new voices such as the Cistercians had gained additional prestige within the monastic orders, eclipsing older orders such as the Cluniacs. [200] Bernard then convinced Pope Eugene III to overturn Henry's decision altogether in 1147, deposing William, and appointing Henry Murdac as archbishop instead. [129] Robert of Gloucester's men retook some of the territory that Stephen had taken in his 1139 campaign. Stephen was heavily influenced by his principal advisor, Waleran de Beaumont, the twin brother of Robert of Leicester. [213], In the aftermath of Wallingford, Stephen and Henry spoke together privately about a potential end to the war; Stephen's son Eustace, however, was furious about the peaceful outcome at Wallingford. The impact of these arrests on the efficacy of the subsequent royal administration and the loyalty of the wider English church has been much discussed. [217] The armies of Stephen and Henry FitzEmpress met again at Winchester, where the two leaders would ratify the terms of a permanent peace in November. [156] Further negotiations attempted to deliver a general peace agreement but the Queen was unwilling to offer any compromise to the Empress, and Robert refused to accept any offer to encourage him to change sides to Stephen. [6] In the west lay the three counties of Maine, Anjou and Touraine, and to the north of Blois was the Duchy of Normandy, from which William the Conqueror had conquered England in 1066. [162], The war between the two sides in England reached a stalemate in the mid-1140s, while Geoffrey of Anjou consolidated his hold on power in Normandy. King, Edmund. [100] Stephen's wife Matilda was sent to negotiate another agreement between Stephen and David, called the treaty of Durham; Northumbria and Cumbria would effectively be granted to David and his son Henry, in exchange for their fealty and future peace along the border. It is particularly significant to Christians, as it belonged to Saint Stephen, an early disciple and deacon who, according to the Book of Acts, was stoned to death; he is widely regarded as the first martyr of the Christian Church. [237] A number of charters were issued during Stephen's reign, often giving details of current events or daily routine, and these have become widely used as sources by modern historians. WebDRAMA & SOAPS. [185][nb 21] Many of the barons were making individual peace agreements with each other to secure their lands and war gains. [19] Stephen and his older brother Theobald were comprehensively beaten in the subsequent campaign, which culminated in the Battle of Alenon, and the territories were not recovered. [8], Stephen had at least four brothers and one sister, along with two probable half-sisters. It is of Greek origin, and the meaning of Stephen is "garland, crown". [91] The rebels appear to have expected Robert to intervene with support that year, but he remained in Normandy throughout, trying to persuade the Empress Matilda to invade England herself. [143] Stephen agreed that, given the situation, he was prepared to release his subjects from their oath of fealty to him, and the clergy gathered again in Winchester after Easter to declare the Empress "Lady of England and Normandy" as a precursor to her coronation. [171] In the west, Robert of Gloucester and his followers continued to raid the surrounding royalist territories, and Wallingford Castle remained a secure Angevin stronghold, too close to London for comfort. [37] Stephen also had a personal Augustinian confessor appointed to him by the Archbishop of Canterbury, who implemented a penitential regime for him, and Stephen encouraged the new order of Cistercians to form abbeys on his estates, winning him additional allies within the church. [184], The character of the conflict in England gradually began to shift; as historian Frank Barlow suggests, by the late 1140s "the civil war was over", barring the occasional outbreak of fighting. [214] Eustace's death removed an obvious claimant to the throne and was politically convenient for those seeking a permanent peace in England. [154], The King's eventual release resulted from the Angevin defeat at the rout of Winchester. [209] Despite only modest military successes, Henry and his allies now controlled the south-west, the Midlands and much of the north of England. [158] Possibly this illness was the result of his imprisonment the previous year, but he finally recovered and travelled north to raise new forces and to successfully convince Ranulf of Chester to change sides once again. Medieval financial figures are notoriously hard to convert into modern currency; for comparison, 2,000 marks equated to around 1,333 in a period in which a major castle rebuilding project might cost around 1,115. [204] Since the only person who could crown Eustace was Archbishop Theobald, who refused to do so without agreement from the current pope, Eugene III, the matter reached an impasse. [182] Some parts of the country, though, were barely touched by the conflictfor example, Stephen's lands in the south-east and the Angevin heartlands around Gloucester and Bristol were largely unaffected, and David I ruled his territories in the north of England effectively. [36] Chroniclers recorded that despite his wealth and power he was a modest and easy-going leader, happy to sit with his men and servants, casually laughing and eating with them. [153] The Queen appears to have generated genuine sympathy and support from Stephen's more loyal followers. [227] Stephen's son William was confirmed as the Earl of Surrey by Henry, and prospered under the new regime, with the occasional point of tension with Henry. [28] Geoffrey was unpopular with the Anglo-Norman elite: as an Angevin ruler, he was a traditional enemy of the Normans. White (1990), p. 12, cited Bradbury, p. 211. Stephen was born in the County of Blois in central France as the fourth son of Stephen-Henry, Count of Blois, and Adela, daughter of William the Conqueror. [215], Fighting continued after Wallingford, but in a rather half-hearted fashion. WebDRAMA & SOAPS. [193], In the final years of the war, Stephen began to focus on the issue of his family and the succession. [194] He wanted to confirm his eldest son, Eustace, as his successor, although chroniclers recorded that Eustace was infamous for levying heavy taxes and extorting money from those on his lands. War and Society in Medieval and Early Modern Britain. His reign was marked by the Anarchy, a civil war with his cousin and rival, the Empress Matilda, whose son, Henry II, succeeded Stephen as the first of the Angevin kings of England. [52], Furthermore, the late King had only insisted on that oath to protect the stability of the kingdom, and in light of the chaos that might now ensue, Stephen would be justified in ignoring it. Carpenter, pp. [156], At the beginning of 1142 Stephen fell ill, and by Easter rumours had begun to circulate that he had died. [94] Despite this victory, however, David still occupied most of the north. [139][nb 19], Robert took Stephen back to Gloucester, where the King met with the Empress Matilda, and was then moved to Bristol Castle, traditionally used for holding high-status prisoners. [25] In the middle of this confrontation, Henry unexpectedly fell ill and died near Lyons-la-Fort. [5] Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Awards and nominations 4 Filmography [91] The town of Bristol itself proved too strong for him, and Stephen contented himself with raiding and pillaging the surrounding area. [95] The cost of warfare had risen considerably in the first part of the 12th century, and adequate supplies of ready cash were increasingly proving important in the success of campaigns. Stephen, also spelled Steven, is a strong and likable classic, with the he's-a-great-guy short form Steve. With some distressing scenes Turn on Parental controls. [30] Conflict was curtailed, however, by the power of the King's personality and reputation. TV-PG. [183] With Stephen often based in the south-east, increasingly Westminster, rather than the older site of Winchester, was used as the centre of royal government. [4], His younger brother, Henry of Blois, was probably born four years after him. In return, Stephen confirmed the English possessions of David's son Henry, including the Earldom of Huntingdon. Stephen is kind hearted and family oriented. [46], Theobald met with the Norman barons and Robert of Gloucester at Lisieux on 21 December. [66], Returning south, Stephen held his first royal court at Easter 1136. [133] Stephen returned to London but received news that Ranulf, his brother and their family were relaxing in Lincoln Castle with a minimal guard force, a ripe target for a surprise attack of his own. Stephen and his supporters appear in Ellis Peters' historical detective series The Cadfael Chronicles, set between 1137 and 1145. [225] He began issuing royal writs for the south-west of England once again and travelled to York where he held a major court in an attempt to impress upon the northern barons that royal authority was being reasserted. [22] Stephen had intended to sail on the same ship but changed his mind at the last moment and got off to await another vessel, either out of concern for overcrowding on board the ship, or because he was suffering from diarrhoea. [17] In 1113, Stephen was granted both the title and the honour, although without the lands previously held by William in England. Though not as well-used or fashionable as it was in its heyday -- it was a Top 25 name from 1946 to 1957 -- it's still a widely used name. [216] Meanwhile, Stephen's brother Henry of Blois and Archbishop Theobald of Canterbury were for once unified in an effort to broker a permanent peace between the two sides, putting pressure on Stephen to accept a deal. Other supporters of the Empress were restored in their former strongholds, such as Bishop Nigel of Ely, or received new earldoms in the west of England. France in the Middle Ages 9871460: From Hugh Capet to Joan of Arc. [10] Unusually, Stephen was raised in his mother's household rather than being sent to a close relative; he was taught Latin and riding, and was educated in recent history and Biblical stories by his tutor, William the Norman. Helmerichs, p. 137; Carpenter, pp. King, Edmund. (eds) (2000), Round, John H. (1888) "Danegeld and the Finance of Domesday," in Dove, P. E. (ed) (1888), White, Graeme. [231] All of the main chronicler accounts carry significant regional biases in how they portray the disparate events. [121][nb 17], Having released the Empress, Stephen focused on pacifying the south-west of England. David Carpenter and R. Davis, however, observe that Stephen had ended up breaking his promises to the Church, was forced to appear before a church court, and damaged his relationship with Henry of Blois, which would have grave implications in 1141. WebStephen became increasingly concerned with ensuring that his son Eustace would inherit his throne. David Crouch argues that in fact it was the royalist weakness in infantry that caused their failure at Lincoln, proposing the city militia was not as capable as Robert's Welsh infantry. 1 SEASON. WebStephen Colletti (born February 7, 1986) is an American actor and television personality. In June 1139, Stephen held his court in Oxford, where a fight between Alan of Brittany and Roger's men broke out, an incident probably deliberately created by Stephen. (2001) "'Ad tutandos partriae fines': The Defense of Normandy, 1135," in Abels, Richard Philip and Bernard S. Bachrach. [51] There was the slight problem of the religious oath that Stephen had taken to support the Empress Matilda, but Henry convincingly argued that the late King had been wrong to insist that his court take the oath. The degree to which Stephen's supporters at the, As described below, the name "the Anarchy" for this conflict originates with the Victorian scholar. In other parts of Europe, including Normandy and England, the tradition was for lands to be divided up, with the eldest son taking patrimonial landsusually considered to be the most valuableand younger sons being given smaller, or more recently acquired, partitions or estates. (2000) "Stephen of Blois, count of Mortain and Boulogne". [61] The extent to which lands and positions should be passed down through hereditary right or by the gift of the King was still uncertain, and tensions concerning this issue had grown during the reign of Henry I. He was also "full of Gods grace and power, performed great wonders and signs among the people" (Acts 6:8). Stephen (1092 or 1096 25 October 1154), often referred to as Stephen of Blois, was King of England from 22 December 1135 to his death in 1154. [212] By this point in the war, the barons on both sides seem to have been eager to avoid an open battle. [181] The previously centralised royal coinage system was fragmented, with Stephen, the Empress and local lords all minting their own coins. [16] As a third surviving son, even of an influential regional family, Stephen still needed the support of a powerful patron to progress in life. [164] Stephen valued William's loyalty sufficiently to agree to exchange Sherborne Castle for his safe releasethis was one of the few instances where Stephen was prepared to give up a castle to ransom one of his men. [149] Many started to leave Stephen's faction. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen,_King_of_England&oldid=1132051530, Matilda (died before 1141), married in infancy to, Bennett, Matthew. [123] Although there had been few new defections to the Empress, his enemies now controlled a compact block of territory stretching out from Gloucester and Bristol south-west into Devon and Cornwall, west into the Welsh Marches and east as far as Oxford and Wallingford, threatening London. It is particularly significant to Christians, as it belonged to Saint Stephen, an early disciple and deacon who, according to the Book of Acts, was stoned to death; he is widely regarded as the first martyr of the Christian Church. 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